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How Could Jesus Have Spent Three Days And Three Nights In The Tomb?
by Sandor Balog This essay reveals, using evidence from the Bible, two thousand years after the events, the exact calendar dates of Jesus birth, baptism, death and resurrection, for the first time in human history. As we know, Jesus died on Friday at 3pm and was resurrected by God in the early hours of Sunday morning. This can only mean that His resurrection happened no more than thirty-six] 36 hours after His death, a period which includes about three [3] hours that were needed for the anointing of His body with spices and for the actual burial. This, however, contradicts what He foretold in Matt. 12:40: For just as Jonah was in the belly of the huge fish three days and three nights, so the Son of man will be in the heart of the earth three days and three nights This would mean a period of exactly seventy-two [72] hours, not including the above-mentioned three [3] hours for the anointing and placing of His body in the tomb. So His resurrection took place exactly seventy-two [72] hours after His burial and about seventy-five [75] hours after His death. If we could prove on the basis of facts that believing what Jesus told us is not only a question of faith but that it happened exactly as He said it would then we could give a suitable answer to those who say that the events in question could simply not have happened in the way described. Some also allege that Jesus actually lied when he foretold that He would spend three whole days, totaling seventy-two [72] hours, in the tomb. Previously this discrepancy between the thirty-six [36] (including three [3] hours outside the tomb) and seventy-two [72] hours has been explained by arguing that Jesus spent only a certain part of each of the three [3] days in the tomb, given that the ancient Hebrews considered even a part of a day to be a whole solar day. Let us reveal the real circumstances of Jesus death and resurrection! It is difficult to get access to the real facts. You might ask why? Well, there are numerous Bible translations in many different languages. Which one should we consider as our basic source? The Old Testament was mainly written in Hebrew, the New Testament in Greek. For almost every aspect of our investigation we need the New Testament. Let us take as our basic text the well-known and internationally accepted Greek translation that was edited by F.J.A. Hort and B. F. Westcott and published in 1881. It is useful to read this standard version and compare it with a word-for-word translation in order to identify any discrepancies. Let us look at the verses that are the most important for our purposes. These four verses in the standard Bible version begin as follows: After the Sabbath, when it was growing light on the first day of the week... [Matt. 28:1]; And very early on the first day of the week ...[John 20:1] As we can see all four biblical accounts talk about the first day of the week when they speak about the women visiting Jesus tomb after His resurrection. A word-for-word translation of the corresponding Greek texts reads as follows: After but of sabbaths, to the [day] lighting up into one of the sabbaths.. [Matt. 28:1] And exceedingly early to the one [day] of the sabbaths... [Mark 16:2] ; '' To the but one of the sabbaths of dawn deep... [Luke 24:1]: To the but one [day] of the sabbaths ...'[John 20:1]; the Greek preposition to meaning on. As we can see, there is a consistent mistranslation in all four gospels rendering one of the sabbaths into first day of the week. Sabbath [Saturday] is in the plural in all four Gospels. Furthermore, no mention is made of the first day of the week in the original Greek text. There can be only one reason for such a consistent misinterpretation, namely that no translator has ever taken the trouble to work out why the word sabbath is in the plural. Instead of doing this they have all mistranslated the text. If the word Sabbath is in the plural, this can only mean that there were at least two Sabbaths that week. How is this possible? In Hebrew, the term Sabbath was used for every holiday, not only for the weekly day of rest but also for every annual holiday. Some scholars claim that the word Sabbath is often used in Greek to mean a whole calendar week. In their view, which is widely shared, this is the explanation of the use of the plural of the word Sabbath in the four Gospels. There is, however, no evidence to contradict the assertion that if the word Sabbath is in the plural it could mean at least two Sabbath days, one weekly and/or one or more annual ones. Bearing this in mind it is not impossible to conceive that there were at least two Sabbaths in the week when Jesus was crucified (or impaled). We should also be aware that the Hebrews called the day preceding every Sabbath the Day of Preparation, not Friday. Thus, there were two days of preparation in the week when Jesus was killed. Some explanatory or simplified versions of the Bible mistranslate the day before the Sabbath as Friday. What kind of Sabbath did follow the crucifixion (or impalement) of Jesus? The weekly or annual one? As we know, Jesus died on the 14th day of the month of Nisan. In the year 33 A.D. [let us use C.E.= Common Era, instead of A.D., and B.C.E.= Before Common Era, instead of B.C.], the 14th day of Nisan fell on April 1st, a Friday. From this it follows that the day following Friday was simultaneously the annual Sabbath (holiday) and the weekly Sabbath (day of rest). Some claim that John 19:31 refers to the weekly and annual Sabbaths coinciding : ....[for the day of that sabbath was a great one].Jesus could not have been impaled in the year 33 C.E. for the simple reason that Friday was followed by one Sabbath and one alone. We should note that at that time of the year sunset began at 6.00 p.m. and ended at 7.20 p.m. So Jesus body must have been placed in the tomb by that time at the latest, since it is written in De 21:23: `His dead body should not stay all night on the stake, but you should bury him on that day, because something accursed of God is the one hung up;. The most critical gospel is that of Matthew since he writes in Matt. 28:1: After but of the sabbaths...at least a word-for-word translation renders it thus. However, we should also note that the word After is an incorrect translation of the Greek word Opse since it really means after a long time or in the late part of the period following it. This implies that the women went from the city to the tomb late on the night of Friday (or day of preparation, which was not necessarily a Friday) to Saturday (or an annual holiday) and arrived at the tomb very early, when it was still dark (John 20:1). That darkness slowly gave way to the dawn of one of the Sabbaths, which was either a regular Saturday or an annual holiday. By that time Jesus had already been resurrected by God and the tomb was found to be empty. We need to determine whether the day on which Jesus died was the day before a weekly or an annual Sabbath. Reference is made in all four gospels to Jesus having died on the day before a festival lasting 7 days, the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This festival began on Nisan 14 and ended in the evening of Nisan 21. The first day (Nisan 14) and the last day were holidays with holy convention involving a religious gathering. We should allow for exactly three whole days of twenty-four [24] hours each for Jesus` stay in the tomb. To this end we must try to determine the year that contains two Sabbaths (the weekly one and an annual one) that have a seventy-two-[72]-hour period between them. Later we shall see that this year can only be 31 C.E. when Nisan 14 fell on a Monday (March 24). Nevertheless, if we assume that Jesus died on Nisan 14 at 3.00 p.m., and was buried at about 6 p.m. then four [4] whole days must have elapsed by about 6 p.m. on Friday. Some say that Jesus died on Nisan 14 because Nisan 15 was the first day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This, however, cannot be so because crucifixion (or impalement) was not carried out on a day that was a holiday. The day Nisan 14 was the day of Passover (pashka or paskha) and also the first day of the one-week Festival of Unleavened Bread. If we count the days from the evening of Nisan 15 until the evening of Nisan 21 and Nisan 15 had been the first day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread then the one-week festival would have only lasted 6 days, not 7. Thus, Nisan 14 was the first day of the festival and also the day of the Passover, an annual Sabbath (holiday). Therefore, Nisan 14 was a holiday being both the day of Passover and also the first day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread; Nisan 15 was the second day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread, not an annual Sabbath or holiday; and Nisan 16 was also a Sabbath, when a sheaf of the first fruits of the barley harvest was brought to the priest. The priest offered such first fruits to God symbolically by waving a sheaf of the grain to and fro, while a healthy one-year-old ram was sacrificed as a burnt offering along with an offering of grain moistened with oil and drink. The day Nisan 16 must have been of great significance, as the Harvest Festival or the Festival of Weeks, also known as the day of the first ripe fruits, which is the forerunner of Pentecost, was celebrated fifty days after this day. In the Jewish calendar it falls on Sivan 6 and occurred between the end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the wheat harvest. So, as it is written in John 19:31:... (for the day of that sabbath was a great one).... Leviticus 23:5 says: In the fourteenth [day] of the first month at even [is] the LORDs [Yahwehs] Passover. Lev 23:6 says: And on the fifteenth day of the same month [is] the feast of unleavened bread unto the LORD [Yahweh]: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread. This may well mean that the 15th day of Nisan was already the Feast of Unleavened Bread, as such bread had to be eaten by the Jews as early as on the day before, i. e. Nisan 14, and the seven-[7]-day feast had to be counted from the evening of Nisan 14 to the evening of Nisan 21. Lev 23:7 says: In the first day ye shall have an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. Please note that emphasis is laid on doing no servile work, thus that this must have been a priority day among the days of the ongoing 7-day feast. That first day must necessarily be Nisan 14, as no servile work was allowed on that day. Lev 23:8 says: But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD [Yahweh] seven days: in the seventh day [is] an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work [therein]. Please note that the ban on doing any servile work on the last day (Nisan 21) is specifically mentioned again. Exodus 12:18 says: In the first [month,] on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even. This verse clearly define the last day of the seven-[7]-day Feast of Unleavened Bread being the twenty-first (21st) day of Nisan, thus, if we count back seven full days from the evening of Nisan 21, we come to the evening of Nisan 14. Let us go on looking at Lev 23:10: Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land which I give unto you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: The harvest was brought to the priest on Nisan 15 cf. De 16:9, which reads: Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from [such time as] thou beginnest [to put] the sickle to the corn. This day, Nisan 15, was the day when Jesus was killed, thus, the sickle may well relate to His death. Lev 23:11: And he [the priest] shall wave the sheaf before the LORD [Yahweh], to be accepted for you: on the morrow after the sabbath the priest shall wave it. The original Hebrew text suggests that the expression on the morrow after the sabbath (and not: on the day after the sabbath!) should be translated as follows: after the tomorrow of the sabbath, thus on the second day from Nisan 14 (annual Sabbath, being the Day of Passover and the First Day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread at the same time), i. e. on Nisan 16. The fifty [50] days had to be counted from using the sickle for harvesting, from the day Jesus was killed on, i. e. from Nisan 15. We come to Sivan 6 (Shavuot the feast of the wheat harvest) if we count the fifty [50] days from Nisan 15. The priest waved the firstfruit, i. e. the grain offering not on Nisan 15 but on the next day, two days after the Sabbath (Nisan 14), i. e. on Nisan 16, at a holy convocation. Jesus died on March 25, 31 CE equivalent to Nisan 15, 3791 as per the Hebrew calendar. If we count fifty (50) days from His death, we come to May 14, 31 CE (Pentecost) or Sivan 6, 3791 (Shavuot), respectively. As the resurrection of Jesus on a Friday makes any religious debate about whether He was resurrected on a Saturday /having died exactly 72 hours earlier, on a Wednesday/ or on a Sunday /having died about maximum 36 hours earlier, on a Friday/ pointless, the above evidence rules out any speculation about the day when Jesus should have died in order to fulfill the postphecy of certain religious groups. Thus, we can establish that there were three Sabbaths in the week when Jesus was impaled: a Sabbath on the Monday (Nisan 14), one on the Wednesday (Nisan 16), both of these being annual Sabbaths, and the Sabbath on the Saturday (Nisan 19) (i.e. a weekly one ) .Jesus died on Tuesday (Nisan 15) at 3.00 p.m., i.e. between the Sabbath on Monday and that on the Wednesday, and rose from the dead on Friday (Nisan 18),(at about 6 p.m., in other words, before the Saturday Sabbath and, if we allow about 3 hours for the anointing with spices and other events leading up to the burial, exactly 72 hours after the placing of His body in the tomb). Interestingly, two days later, there was another annual Sabbath (Nisan 21), a Monday, which was the last day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This, however, has nothing to do with the preceding events. Some other questions might arise in connection with this topic. Let us look at them one by one. When did Jesus and his disciples eat the Passover meal? It happened between two evenings (between sunset and darkness) on the day of the Passover, on Nisan 14, on a Monday (according to the Jewish calendar it was Nisan 14, 3791 / March 24, 31 C.E.). As this meal was eaten in the evening, after sunset, i.e. after 7.20 p.m. on the Monday, it was considered as having taken place on Tuesday, since the Hebrews counted their days from sunset to sunset. This means that they ate the Passover sacrifice, which would have been a one-year-old male lamb, or a young ram or goat, on the same day that Jesus died. This seems to be at odds with the fact that those who led Jesus from Caiaphas to the praetorium (Pilate`s Seat of Judgment) early in the day, which was a Tuesday, according to both systems of recording the passage of time, did not enter the governors palace that they might not be defiled but might eat the Passover meal. This Passover meal, however, was not an animal, the animal sacrifice having been eaten the evening before, but was unleavened bread. The day of Nisan 14 was always the first day of the one-week Festival of Unleavened Bread. The first day of the festival was also a Sabbath, i.e. a holiday on which the Hebrews held a holy convention when the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel gathered. This day of Nisan 14 was an annual Sabbath. It ended at sunset. Since Jesus and His disciples ate the Passover sacrifice after sunset, this was now Nisan 15, a Tuesday, which was not an annual Sabbath day according to the Hebrews` sunset-to-sunset system for counting the days. Thus, Jesus was impaled on the same day (Nisan 15) and He died at 3.00 p.m. that day. It may be useful to look at the Old Testament to discover the origin of the divine command to celebrate Passover. The Jewish people were held captive in Egypt until 1512 B.C.E. At the end of their bondage God smote the Egyptians with a total of 10 plagues. God chose the Jewish people to be His people and through them he showed His power and proved that the gods of Egypt were only imaginary and had no power at all. The ten plagues are described in the book of Exodus. The tenth plague was the death of the first-born. God instructed Moses and Aaron to slaughter a one-year-old male lamb, a young ram or goat and to take some of its blood and splash it upon the two side posts and on the upper doorpost of their houses. The houses that were daubed in this way were passed over by Gods angel. The Egyptians were unaware of these instructions so the first-born in their houses, including those of their animals, were struck down dead. Moses warned the Pharaoh of this terrible plague but it was not that the Pharaoh did not listen to him but that God who let the Pharaohs heart become obstinate in order for God`s miracles to be increased in the land of Egypt. Finally God executed his will and delivered the Jewish people from Egyptian captivity. God commanded His people to commemorate Passover as a festival to God ` on the day of Nisan 14 each year. The sacrificial animal had to be killed on Nisan 14, between the two evenings, i.e. between sunset and darkness and eaten after sunset on Nisan 14, which is the beginning of Nisan 15. That day (Nisan 14) had to serve as a commemoration for them. They were to sacrifice lambs, young rams or goats and for seven days they were to eat unleavened bread. On the first day, (Nisan 14), and on the seventh day (Nisan 21) of the one-week festival they were to hold a holy convention as mentioned above. These were the antecedents of the Passover celebrations that were going on when Jesus was crucified (or impaled). Matt 26:17 says: On the first day of the Unfermented Cakes /Unleavened Bread/ the disciples came up to Jesus, saying: Where do you want us to prepare for you to eat the Passover? The day of the Unleavened Bread could only be the day of Nisan 14. If we count seven days to the evening of the 21st day (which was also a Sabbath) then it is clear that Nisan 15 cannot be the first day of the festival. It must have been Nisan 14. The one-week Festival of Unleavened Bread was so much connected with the day of the Passover that the whole one-week festival was often referred to as the Passover. It is also worth mentioning that when Jesus instructed two of His disciples, Peter and John, to prepare the Passover sacrifice, He told them that when they entered the city they would encounter a man carrying an earthenware vessel (Luke 22:10). This could have happened even if it was a Sabbath day, i.e. the first day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread, since work was permitted if it was related to the preparation of food and drink. The disciples would have easily found such a man carrying an earthenware vessel since such work was normally done by women. There is something else that we must examine with regard to the period of exactly seventy-two [72] hours. Namely that this period extends from the placing of Jesus body in the tomb until His resurrection. He lay dead for more than 72 hours, since a certain number of things were done before 7.20 p.m., i.e. before the Sabbath began. Joseph of Arimathea needed a certain amount of time to get to the Governors Palace and to go to Pilate and obtain Jesus` body for burial, to buy linen, to return to Golgotha, to take away Jesus` body, helped by Nicodemus, to bind it with bandages and spices (weighing about one hundred pounds), and to lay His body in the nearby tomb, and the women needed time to see how His body was placed in the tomb and to go to the city to prepare spices and perfumed oils, all this before the start of the Sabbath at 7.20 p.m. The most probable archaeological evidence shows that Golgotha was situated north or northwest of the city. The period from 3.00 p.m.(the time of Jesus` death) until 7.20 p.m. (the beginning of the Sabbath) would have been long enough to carry out the above-mentioned tasks. Here we should also bear in mind Mark 15:42 : And at a late hour... (not evening as some claim!)...(43) came Joseph of Arimathea...and asked for the body of Jesus. The women, after they had prepared the spices and perfumed oils, rested on the Sabbath in accordance with the commandment (Luke 23:57). So, a Sabbath began at 7.20 p.m. This Sabbath was Nisan 16 (a Wednesday in the year 31 C.E.), the day when a sheaf of the first fruits of the barley harvest was waved in the air as an offering. Jesus was impaled on Tuesday, Nisan 15, 31 C.E., at 3.00 p.m. and he rose from the dead on Friday, Nisan 18, 31 C.E., at about 6.00 p.m. When the women went to the tomb, very early on one of the Sabbaths (now we can affirm that it happened on the night of Friday to Saturday), they found that Jesus was no longer in the tomb. Now let us address the question of the corruption of Jesus body. Jesus` friend Lazarus was dead for more than three days and three nights. When Jesus resurrected him, it was the fourth day he had been in his tomb, which was in fact a cave, like that of Jesus. Ps. 16:10 relates to Jesus when it says: For you will not leave my soul in the Sheol [common grave of mankind]. You will not allow your loyal one to see the pit [or corruption - according to other Holy Scrolls]. This means that, at least in that climate, a corpse would not begin to smell less than seventy-five [75] hours after death. Thus, Lazarus must have been dead for more than seventy-five [75] hours before Jesus resurrected him. We can mention other Biblical evidence that Jesus was at least three whole days in the tomb. Matt. 27:62 says: ''The next day, which was after the Preparation the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered together before Pilate, (27:63) saying: Sir, we have called to mind that that impostor said while yet alive, `After three days I am to be raised up` (27:64). Therefore command the grave to be made secure until the third day,....The original Greek text includes the preposition ''Meta'' meaning ''After''. This can only mean that the chief priests and the Pharisees knew exactly that Jesus was to spend at least three days in the tomb. Though they made no mention of the three nights that Jesus also spoke about their reference to 'After three days seems to indicate three complete days of twenty-four [24] hours each. Two disciples were on their way to Emmaus, a village situated about eleven [11] kilometers from Jerusalem, and were discussing what had happened, when they met Jesus. Their eyes were kept from recognizing Him. In reply to Jesus` question they said to Him (Luke 24:21): ....yes, and besides all these things, this makes the third day since these things occurred. The original Greek text in a literal translation reads as follows: but indeed also with all these (things) third this day it is leading from which [time] these (things) occurred.'' There is a twofold explanation for the apparent discrepancy in terms of time. One explanation is that the disciples were referring to the period of three days back as such having already occurred by the time they met Jesus. The second explanation is that the number three in the Bible is used at times to express intensity, emphasis or extra strength. Accordingly, the disciples when they referred to the three days may well have meant that the events that they were talking about had happened such a long time ago that as many as three days had gone by since then. This latter explanation is supported by the conversation that the disciples had with Jesus (Luke 24:18): ... Are you dwelling as an alien by yourself in Jerusalem and so do not know the things that have occurred in her in these days? (Luke 24:19):And He said to them: What things? And then the disciples told Him about those events emphasizing that they had already happened and completely finished by a time that was so long ago that three days had gone by. If we concluded our explanation at this point, we would give rise to further questions concerning the time of Jesus baptism and the time and circumstances of His birth. We are justified, then, in asking ourselves the following question: When was Jesus born? The answer seems simple. From the Bible we know that Jesus earthly life lasted thirty-three [33] and a half years. This means that if we subtract this period from the date of His death, i.e. 25th March 31 C.E., taking away thirty-three [33] full years and half a prophetic year, which is one hundred and eighty [180] days, we come to September 26, 4 B.C.E. (the question why not September 25 will be discussed later in this essay see the prophetic four hundred and eighty-three [483] years and three [3] and a half years, counting back from Jesus death a total of thirty-three [33] full years and half a prophetic year, which is one hundred and eighty [180] days). Nevertheless, this statement must be supported by evidence. Luke 3:1 says: In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was district ruler of Galilee, but his brother Phillip was district ruler of the country of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was district ruler of Abilene, 3:2 In the days of chief priest Annas and of Caiaphas, Gods declaration came to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness. In that year John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the River Jordan. Some believe that this could only have happened in 29 C.E., as Tiberius reigned from 14 C.E. This is true, but we should remember that he also reigned for two years as co-regent with Augustus Caesar. Tiberius insisted that this 2-year period should be considered as part of his reign. Very probably, Luke also took account of those two years when he wrote his gospel. Thus Jesus was baptized in 27 C.E., on September 26th, which was actually the day of His 30th birthday. As has already been said, Jesus must have been born in 4 B.C.E. on September 26th. How can this statement be proved? At that time, Quirinius was governor of Syria. According to Josephus` account, Quirinius was governor of Syria in 6 C.E. However, on the basis of inscriptions found in Antioch containing Quirinius name, many historians acknowledge that Quirinius was also governor of Syria in the B.C.E. period. So, he could have been governor when Jesus was born. Some claim that Jesus could not have been born earlier than early in October in 2 B.C.E.. This assertion becomes untenable in the light of the proof that Jesus died on 25th March 31 C.E.. According to Josephus, Herod died not long after a lunar eclipse and before Passover. There was an eclipse in 1 B.C.E., on 8th January, eighteen [18] days before 2 of the month Shebat, the day that Herod traditionally is supposed to have died upon. In the light of this and taking late September 2 B.C.E. as the time of Jesus birth, we must conclude that the approximately one hundred and twenty [120] days between the two events were simply not a long enough period of time for so many events to have occurred. This topic and the events of this period will be considered in more detail later, when the apparent discrepancy between the gospels of Matthew and Luke is addressed. Now that we have proved that Jesus could have been born on September 26, 4 B.C.E. let us explain the obscure circumstances of Jesus` birth by using the accounts provided by Matthew and Luke. To help us to see more clearly let us answer the following question: Two mice look through a hollow tube in daytime, one at one end of the tube and the other one at the other end, yet they cannot see one another, why? Because one mouse looks through the tube in the morning and the other one looks through it in the afternoon. After this example we will find it easier to understand the following explanation. There is a discrepancy between the accounts of Matthew and Luke, According to Luke, Jesus was brought forty [40] days after His birth to the temple in Jerusalem. According to Matthew, His parents did not go into Jerusalem but passed it by and went straight to Nazareth. Of course, this is an apparent discrepancy. Matthew gives an account of Jesus birth in Bethlehem. Now we already know that this occurred on September 26, 4 B.C.E. At that time of the year the weather was fairly mild and so the shepherds were outside with their flocks. When Jesus was born the angel of the Lord first told the shepherds of this joyful event. They had the privilege of seeing Jesus first. Luke 2:1 says Now in those days a decree went forth from Caesar Augustus for all the inhabited earth to be registered, Luke 2:2 this (registration) first occurred when Quirinius was governor of Syria/the original Greek text also allows for the following interpretation: this registration occurred when Qurinius was governor of Syria for the first time/; ''and all people went travelling to be registered, each one to his own city. Joseph had to go to his own town, Bethlehem. They were unable to find accommodation in a house but instead found shelter in a stable, and Jesus was lying in a manger when the shepherds came to see him. Jesus was circumcised on the eighth day and taken to the temple in Jerusalem forty [40] days after His birth. Subsequently, His parents went to Nazareth with Him. As Luke 2:41 says: Now his parents were accustomed to go from year to year to Jerusalem for the festival of the Passover. This means they were in Jerusalem by March 28, 3 B.C.E., i.e. by the beginning of the Passover and the first day of the Festival of the Unleavened Bread (both being Nisan 14, a Saturday). The reason they travelled to Jerusalem was now not for the registration but for the festival of Passover. Jesus was about six months old at that time. Jerusalem is about 130 kilometers south of Nazareth. Bethlehem is situated on the extension of a straight line drawn through the towns of Nazareth and Jerusalem and lies ten [10] kilometers south of Jerusalem. It is unlikely, however, that Jesus` parents, with their six-month-old baby, would have journeyed roughly an extra ten [10] kilometers in order to lodge in the same house that they had stayed in six months before, when Jesus was born. The fact is that they stayed in a house and not in a stable when the astrologers from the East visited Jesus. According to Matthew, the astrologers went to Jerusalem to see the newborn king of the Jews, saying that they had seen His star in the east. On hearing this King Herod became agitated and the whole of Jerusalem with him. He gathered the chief priests and scribes and inquired of them where the Christ, i.e. the Messiah, was to be born. Matt. 2:5 says: they said to him: In Bethlehem of Judea; for this is how it has been written through the prophet, Matt. 2:6: And you, O Bethlehem of the land of Judah, are by no means the most insignificant among the governors of Judah; for out of you will come forth a governing one, who will shepherd my people, Israel. Then Herod spoke to the astrologers in secret and learnt from them when the star had appeared in the east. Interestingly, Herods men knew the place where the Messiah was to be born and the astrologers knew the actual time of His birth. (Later in this essay, when addressing the question of the sixty-nine [69] week-years, i.e. the four hundred and eighty-three [483] years mentioned in the Book of Daniel, we shall discuss why the chief priests and scribes did not know the exact time when Jesus was to be born.) The star had appeared in the east about six months before. We are justified in assuming that the Magi who saw the star were Persians and that their homeland was about two thousand [2,000] to three thousand [3,000] kilometers from Jerusalem. Their journey might well have taken several months, not to mention the time spent preparing for such a long journey. When the Magi caught sight of the star in the east, Jesus had just been born in Bethlehem, was lying in a manger and had been visited by the shepherds, all this at the time of the registration decreed by Caesar Augustus. Herod sent the astrologers to Bethlehem to find Jesus and asked them to report back to him on the whereabouts of the child. Matt. 2:9 says: .. the star they had seen in the east appeared again and went ahead of them, until it came to a stop where the young child was. There was no certainty that the baby Jesus and His parents were in Bethlehem. They could have been elsewhere. The star led the astrologers to the place, to a house. They went in and presented Jesus with gifts. In a dream they were given divine instructions not to return to Herod but to go back to their own country. Joseph was also told to leave the place and to flee to Egypt with his small family. Herod realized that (Matt. 2:16): ...he had been outwitted by the astrologers, fell into a great rage, and sent out and had all the boys in Bethlehem and in all its districts done away with, from two years of age and under, according to the time he carefully ascertained from the astrologers. It sounds terrible! However, the original Greek text makes no mention of any slaughter of young boys. It actually says: ..he was outwitted by the magi was enraged greatly, and having sent off [most probably soldiers] he took up all the boys the (ones) in Bethlehem and in all the districts of it from two years and down more, according to the time which he carefully ascertained beside of the magi. This is a word-for-word translation of the original Greek text. The expression took up is by no means the equivalent of done away with. There are Bible versions that translate the expression took up as killed or slaughtered. The tradition of commemorating the death of those young boys on Holy Innocents Day (on December 28) must originate from such misinterpretations. Matt.2:18 says: A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and much wailing; it was Rachel weeping for her children, and she was unwilling to take comfort, because they are no more. So there is no parallel between the slaughter of young boys and Rachels children. The parallel is rather between the taking up of young boys, most probably with the aim of selling them into slavery, and Rachels children, who had been taken to Babylon as slaves, and this was why they were no more. They were not killed. This is what constitutes the parallel with the young boys in and around Bethlehem. We may ask why Herod drew the line at two-year-old boys. Very probably, he did not believe what the Magi had told him and wanted to be sure. Joseph and Mary, with baby Jesus, fled into Egypt and stayed there till they were told to return to Israel, since Herod and those who had wanted to destroy Jesus were dead. As Herod died most probably on January 26, 1 B.C.E. Jesus was over two and a half years old when His parents took Him back to the land of Israel. The events described above could not have happened within a period of about one hundred and twenty [120] days, assuming that the birth of Jesus was around the end of September 2 B.C.E. It is quite simply impossible. Matt. 2:22 says: But hearing that Archelaus ruled as king of Judea instead of his father Herod, he [Joseph] became afraid to depart for there. Moreover, being given divine warning in a dream, he withdrew into the territory of Galilee, 2:23 [saying] and came and dwelt in a city named Nazareth,.... From Luke 1:26 we know that they had also lived in Nazareth before they went to Bethlehem, so Matthews expression ''withdrew into'' might well be construed as ''returned to''. Reference is made to their previously residing in Nazareth in Luke 1:26: In her sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent forth from God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth, It is clear that the gospels of Luke and Matthew are not parallel accounts. They tell of events that followed one another. The events recounted in Lukes gospel precede those that Matthew gives an account of in his gospel. It is as simple as that. The uncertain chronology of the events that happened around the time of Jesus` birth has now been clarified. Our story ends at this point, at least with respect to the New Testament. We ought, however, to return to the time of the Old Testament and, in particular, to the Book of Daniel. Daniel foretold the approximate time when the Messiah was to be born, as we see in Dan.9:25: And you [Daniel] should know and have the insight [that] from the going forth of [the] word to restore and to rebuild Jerusalem until the Messiah [the] Leader, there will be seven weeks, also sixty-two weeks. This is a prophecy pointing to the time of the Messiah. The important thing here is the word ''until''. The verse in Daniel says simply ''until the Messiah''. Not, until His birth or appearance, or baptism, or beginning of His ministry, or death, but ''until'' Him. In this way, God did not make it possible for the date of Jesus` birth to be calculated. No one could calculate that date. The only thing the chief-priests and scribes knew was that the four hundred and eighty-three [483] years (69 x 7) pointed to some event concerning the Messiah. We can read about the time when the word to restore and to rebuild Jerusalem was going forth in the Book of Nehemiah, Chapter 2. Today, we can actually identify the event that the period of four hundred and eighty-three [483] years points to. It is the death of Jesus. The reason why this event could not be determined in advance was that God wanted to conceal the exact time of Jesus birth in order to protect His sons life. Two factors were unknown: firstly, Jesus lifetime on earth of thirty-three [33] and a half years, secondly, the event that is signified by ''until the Messiah'' in Daniels prophecy concerning the four hundred and eighty-three [483] years. These made the date of Jesus` birth impossible to calculate. According to the Book of Nehemiah (2:1), the word to rebuild Jerusalem was going forth in the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes in the month of Nisan. This happened on 22 Nisan in 457 B.C.E., at 9.00 a.m.. There are three sources of evidence: from Greek, Persian and Babylonian sources. However, our most solid starting point is what Holy Scripture says about it. Of course we could play around with cardinal and ordinal numbers until we come up with the year underlying the evidence for the death of Jesus in 31 or 33 C.E. But, it would just be a game. The so-called historical evidence, even if it does come from three sources, has a margin of error of two [2] years, so in no way can it be regarded as solid. With that, we have come to the end of our explanation. Given that the prophecies are very precise and exact, what we can establish is that Jesus died at exactly 3.00 p.m. on Tuesday, March 25, 31 C.E., was placed in the tomb at around 6.00 p.m. on the same day and was resurrected at about 6.00 p.m. (exactly seventy-two [72] hours after His body had been placed in the tomb) on Friday. The prophecy included in Daniel's Book identifies through the four hundred and eighty-three [483] years the month of September 27 C.E. as the month of Jesus' baptism. Nevertheless, to get the exact time of Jesus baptism, we have to count back from the time of Jesus death, which is a solid base to start from, so, by adding up three [3] full years and a prophetic half-year of one hundred and eighty [180] full days, we come to September 26, C.E., 03.00 p. m.. If we reckon, from this date, a period of four hundred and eighty-three [483] full years, we come to March 25, 457 B.C.E., 09.00 a. m., i. e. Nisan 22, 3303, 09.00 a. m., when the word to rebuild Jerusalem was going forth in the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes in the month of Nisan (Nehemiah 1:2). The number of minus years on a straight line representing years tends to grow as we move away from the 0 point but the months in any one minus year tend to grow as we move toward the 0 point, i. e. in the reverse direction. From the time of Jesus death at 03.00 p. m. on March 25, 31 C.E. we can also establish the exact date of His birth, which occurred on September 26, 4 B.C.E., at 03.00 p.m. exactly thirty-three years and a prophetic half-year of one hundred and eighty [180] days before His death. We may note that since Jesus ate the Passover meal on Monday in the evening and was crucified (or impaled) on Tuesday, it is easy to calculate that the traditional Palm Sunday was in fact Palm Wednesday, since Jesus was in Bethany six days before the Passover, i. e. on Tuesday, and the next day, i. e. on Wednesday, He entered Jerusalem where He was greeted by the crowd with branches of palm trees. There is no evidence to support the proposition that Jesus was baptized at exactly 3.00 p.m., however, there is nothing that contradicts it. We should note that Luke 3:23 says: '' Furthermore, Jesus Himself, when he commenced [his work] was about thirty years old.... He must have been exactly thirty years old when He was baptized, in order to fulfill the sixty-nine-[69]-week-year- (four hundred and eighty-three-[483]-year-) prophecy of Daniel. According to Luke 4:2: ...for forty days, while being tempted by the Devil. 'Thereafter Jesus returned, in the power of the spirit, into Galilee, where he began to teach in the synagogues. As regards the exact time of Jesus birth being 3.00 p.m., we can point to the following: Luke 2:8 says: There were also in that same country shepherds living out of doors and keeping watches in the night over their flocks. Luke 2:10 continues: But the angel said to them: (11) because there was born to you today a Saviour, who is Christ [the] Lord, in Davids city. Later, the shepherds said to one another: Let us by all means go clear to Bethlehem and see this thing that has taken place (i.e. Jesus birth)...Luke 2:16 says: And they went with haste...Lukes Gospel does not mention that the angel appeared to them in the night. This would have been unlikely anyway, as they would not have driven their flocks during the night. They went (all of them) with haste because it was not dark yet, and they wanted to reach the outskirts of Bethlehem to stay the night there with their flocks after having seen the newborn child. The logical conclusion we are led to after looking at these events is that Jesus was born in the afternoon and that the proposition that He was born at 3.00 p.m., which is in exact agreement with the prophecy, is not contradicted. I hope the circumstances of Jesus death and birth (this is the right chronology when we investigate the events) have now become clearly comprehensible to the Reader. The author would welcome any remarks and comments concerning his explanation, in the hope of elucidating as many details as possible for the benefit of all those seeking Biblical truths. Are the facts concerning the circumstances, date and time of Jesus` death of any real importance? I think they are, especially to those who have ears to hear, who are open to receive the truth. Jesus said that the period He was to spend in the tomb was the sign of Jonah. He also said that there would be no other sign. Happy are those who believe that He actually was three days and three nights in the tomb as He had foretold. Written by Sandor Balog Budapest, Hungary Word Count:7836 URL: www.magyarbattila.hu Email: [email protected] Sandor Balog (pen name: Attila B. Magyar), author of Palm Wednesday. Article Source: http://www.faithwriters.com |