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Paradoxes and Tensions in the Christian Faith

by Max Aplin
12/19/2024 / Bible Studies

Something that modern readers of the Bible often fail to recognise is how many paradoxes and tensions there are in the Christian faith. It is often the case that two things, which at first sight seem to contradict each other, are both in fact true.

The following sort of thing happens a lot:

The Bible teaches two truths, which we can call A and B.

Some people correctly understand that the Bible teaches A. However, they think that A and B contradict each other. So they deny that the Bible teaches B, and they explain away the passages that teach B.

Other people correctly understand that the Bible teaches B. But they too think that A and B contradict each other. So they deny A and explain away the passages that teach A.

Both sets of people therefore end up denying some biblical truth.

The amount of bad teaching in the church would be much less if there was better understanding of how much paradox and tension the Bible contains.

Here are some examples of how people go wrong by failing to take account of paradoxes in the Christian faith:

Jesus as one person who is God and Man

Scripture teaches that Jesus Christ is truly God (e.g., John 20:28) and also truly human (e.g., 1 Tim 2:5), yet one person (e.g., John 1:14).

It might at first seem impossible that Jesus could be all these things, and since the early centuries of the church many have rejected this theology.

Some, like Jehovah’s Witnesses today, have said that Jesus was not God at all, but that He was entirely created by God. At the other extreme, some have said that He was God, but only appeared to be human, or that He was God in a human body but had no human soul. And another group has claimed that He was truly God and truly human but that He was really two distinct persons.

In fact, however, this theology is not contradictory, even though it is difficult to understand.

God’s sovereignty and human free will

According to Scripture, God is sovereignly in control of all events, and in a real sense everything that happens comes from His hand (e.g., Amos 3:6). However, the Bible also teaches that to some extent people have free will (e.g., Gen 2:19).

At first sight these things seem as if they might contradict each other, and there are huge numbers of Christians who minimise one or the other of them.

Those who accept Arminian theology, for example, fail to do proper justice to the sovereignty of God. By contrast, many Calvinists fail to properly appreciate the reality of free will.

Exactly how we reconcile God’s sovereignty with human free will is something that has been debated for many centuries. Personally, I have a lot of sympathy with Molinist theology, which is becoming increasingly popular in evangelical circles.

Nevertheless, regardless of how we attempt to reconcile these things, Scripture teaches them both, and we should take care not to explain either of them away.

Salvation by faith but accompanied by good deeds

The Bible makes it clear that salvation is by faith and not by doing good deeds (e.g., Eph 2:8-9). But Scripture is just as clear that people whose lives are not characterised by doing good deeds are not saved (e.g., James 2:26).

There might at first seem to be a contradiction between these points, and there are many today who say that there is. At one extreme, Roman Catholics claim that Christians need to partly earn their salvation. At the other extreme there are those who claim that everyone who makes a decision to accept Jesus as Saviour is saved, even if they are living an unrepentantly sinful life.

In fact, there is no contradiction between these points. We are saved by faith and not by good deeds, but genuine, saving faith will always be accompanied by good deeds.

A God of love who sends people to hell

According to the Bible, one key attribute of God is that He is loving (e.g., Lam 3:22). However, it also teaches clearly that He sends many people to hell (e.g., Matt 25:46).

There are many who find these things contradictory and claim that a loving God would never send anyone to hell.

In reality, however, these things don’t contradict each other. Although God is a God of love, He is also a God of justice, and justice involves inflicting punishment.

Joy and suffering

Scripture tells us that the normal Christian life should involve significant joy (e.g., John 15:11). Yet many passages make it clear that normal Christian living also involves significant hardship and suffering (e.g., Rev 1:9).

There are, however, many Christians today who downplay the role of suffering in the Christian life. They know that Scripture teaches that it is God’s will to give His children joy, and they simplistically assume that this must mean that we shouldn’t expect to suffer.

In actual fact, although joy and suffering are in tension with each other, they are not contradictory.

Gifts of the Spirit and reasoning

The Bible instructs Christians to desire gifts of the Holy Spirit (e.g., 1 Cor 14:1). However, many biblical passages also make it clear that there is a big place for reasoning with the mind in the Christian faith (e.g., Acts 19:8-9).

There are more than a few Christians today who tend to think that experiences of gifts of the Spirit make reasoning unimportant. They therefore underemphasise the role of the mind in the Christian life.

In fact, gifts of the Spirit and reasoning with the mind don’t contradict each other at all. Rather, they complement each other beautifully.

Motivated by love and to gain good things for ourselves

The Bible encourages us to be motivated to live a holy life by love for God and love for others, and not by selfishness (e.g., 2 Cor 5:15). Yet it also encourages us to be motivated to live a holy life by the prospect of receiving eternal blessings after death (e.g., James 1:12).

At first sight, these things might seem to contradict each other, and many Christians tend to minimise one or the other of them.

However, there is no contradiction here. There is a sense in which it is right to be motivated by loving God and others, and also a sense in which it is right to be motivated by wanting to do ourselves good.

Already and not yet

Sometimes we find biblical passages teaching that a certain thing has already happened, and other passages teaching that the same thing will take place in the future.

For example, Scripture tells us that Christians have been saved from their sins (e.g., Rom 8:24), but it also teaches that we will be saved in the future (e.g., Rom 5:9).

At first glance these things look as if they contradict each other, and many Christians make the mistake of downplaying the already or the future aspect.

This tension is not actually very difficult to understand. Following the crucifixion–resurrection–giving of the Spirit complex of events, some things have come into existence in a partial way, but the fullness of them will be realised in the future after the Lord returns to earth.

The Law of Moses in the Christian era

The Bible teaches in a number of places that Christians are not obliged to follow the Law of Moses (e.g., Gal 3:23-25). But we also find New Testament passages where this Law is quoted as an example to us (e.g., James 2:8-11).

At first sight there seems to be a contradiction here, and there are many who explain away one or the other group of texts.

Those who accept Covenant Theology, for example, wrongly claim that Christians are under obligation to obey part of the Law of Moses as it stands in the Old Testament. By contrast, some Christians claim that we should not expect any guidance from the Law of Moses at all.

I believe that New Covenant Theology is a good way of reconciling things here. This theology sees the Law of Moses not as still partly in force, nor as abolished, but as having undergone a kind of holy mutation and fulfillment in Christ to become the Law of Christ (Gal 6:2).

Two kinds of Israel

According to Scripture, the church is spiritual Israel (e.g., Phil 3:2-3). But the Bible also teaches that God has future plans for ethnic Israel (e.g., Rom 11:25-29).

Huge numbers of Christians today see these things as contradictory. Many, especially those who accept Dispensationalist theology, deny that the church is spiritual Israel. And many others deny that God has unfinished business with ethnic Israel.

There is, however, no need to see a contradiction here. It seems that there are two kinds of Israel in existence today, even if it is not easy to understand the precise relationship between the two.

Accepting what we can’t understand

The list of examples I have given could be continued, but I think I have said enough to make my point. It should be clear that there are many paradoxes and tensions in the Christian faith. Often, things that at first sight might seem to be a case of either–or are actually a case of both–and. Failure to understand this is one of the main causes of false teaching in the church today.

I am sure that one reason why people fail to recognise paradoxes in the Christian faith is because they are unwilling to believe something they don’t understand. They can’t see how two biblical principles fit together, so they decide that they contradict each other and that the Bible only teaches one of them.

What these people are doing, even if subconsciously, is exalting their ability to understand above biblical revelation. To put it another way, they are setting up their own understanding as an idol. This is not only morally wrong, however, but it also makes no sense. Given our finite and sinful condition, it is inevitable that we will all often struggle to understand things.

If the Bible teaches two principles, we should accept them both, regardless of whether we can understand how they fit together.